Botanical Sources of Early Medicines (article)

Botanical Sources of Early Medicines
By William S. Keezer, for Bios (1963)

This article is a discussion of some early botanists and herbalists, with examples of common toxic, medicinal and sacred herbs that concern them in their work.

Regarding plants mentioned in the Travels and other useful things:
-Keezer discusses RHUBARB and its history as a medicinal plant (185)
-He discusses Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Ebers Papynus, and Rig-Veda as classical sources of plant information
-He discusses herbals and herbalists, including Apuleius Platonicus, Ortus Sanitatis, Herboarius Moguntinus, Tycharde Banckes, Peter Trevens, Leonard Fuch and John Parkinson
-The last of these herbalists – John Parkinson – apparently had an image of a vegetable lamb on the cover of his 1629 text Parasisi in sole, Paradisus Terrestris
-About the vegetable lamb, Keezer cites the following: [Guthrie, Douglas. A History of Medicine, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1946].

Medicines and Spices (article)

Medicines and Spices, with Special Reference to Medieval Monastic Accounts
By Marjorie Jenkins, for Garden History (1976)

This article is very short but has a couple of interesting points. It is essentially a note on the importance and prevalence of spices in medieval monastic records. Marjorie Jenkins (based on notes from Nancy Jenkins) lists some common medieval spices in Europe, with reference to the Rule of St. Benedict. Then, she notes some evidence for the cultural importance of spices.

Interestingly, she points out the taxes that were levied on spices in the 1300s in order to raise funds for things like repairing London Bridge. That spices, along with known commodities of import, were subject to taxes points to their popularity and their increasingly consistent place in the medieval kitchen and apothecary.

Jenkins also points to the use of spices as a currency for things like the payment of rent: with standardized prices (which, per pound, could be easily converted to "sheep" or money) making them an acceptable form of payment. Lastly, she points to the place of spices in gifts and tribute to royalty and persons of import.

Brief though this article may be, it points to the use of monastic records as an indication of trafficking in spices in Europe - purchases by the Cellarer and Infirmarer reflect the popularity and trade of different spices/botanic commodities in the kitchen and infirmary.

What these accounts do not satisfactorily reflect is the cultivation and use of indigenous herbs in monastic gardens: says Jenkins, medicinal plants which are indigenous or easily cultivated in our climate are not mentioned in these accounts (48), and I suppose one (I) must look elsewhere for information on the popularity and use of indigenous plants.